Jump to: Pay Equity Resources | Pay Equity Historical References | Pay Equity Research Articles | Pay Equity Resources by Other Specialty Areas

Pay Equity Resources

• American Association of University Women. More Than a Paycheck. https://www.aauw.org/issues/economic-security/pay-gap/
• American Association of University Women. Where We Stand: Economic Security. https://www.aauw.org/issues/policy-center/. (Includes a “Quick Facts” handout for advocacy purposes.)
• American Association of University Women and National Science Foundation. Let’s Talk Money, Building Community Understanding of the Institutional Compensation System. https://www.talkingsalary.org/. (Designed for women working in an academic environment. Includes a toolkit, learning modules, webinars, and more to help women build understanding of university pay practices and outcomes. Also includes accessibility resources for individuals with hearing challenges.)
• American College of Physicians. "Achieving Gender Equity in Physician Compensation and Career Advancement: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians." Annals of Internal Medicine, 2018. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M17-3438. (The appendix includes an expanded background and rationale for the paper’s topic.)
• American Medical Association. "Advancing Gender Equity in Medicine: Resources for Physicians." https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/advancing-gender-equity-medicine-resources-physicians (Includes resources on pay disparities; specifically, what drives medicine’s gender pay gap, how surgical residents’ views on future earnings differ by gender, ways to achieve gender equity in academic medicine promotions, plus legislative information.)
• American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE Supports Equitable Physician Compensation [position statement]. https://www.asge.org/home/about-asge/newsroom/news-list/2023/10/02/asge-supports-equitable-physician-compensation
• Association of Women Surgeons. Gender Equity Toolkit. https://www.womensurgeons.org/gender-equity-toolkit. (Includes a sample letter to send to employers.)
• College and University Professional Association for Human Resources. The Higher Ed Professional Workforce: Composition and Pay Equity by Gender and Race/Ethnicity From 2016-17 to 2023-24. https://www.cupahr.org/surveys/research-briefs/representation-and-pay-equity-in-higher-ed-professionals-trends-july-2024/
• Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Gender and Racial Wage Gaps Marginally Improve in 2022 but Pay Equity Still Decades Away [fact sheet]. September 15, 2023. https://iwpr.org/gender-and-racial-wage-gaps-marginally-improve-in-2022-but-pay-equity-still-decades-away/
• Institute for Women’s Leadership. Paycheck Fairness & Equity Audits. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZT4zecRrBA
• Pay Equity: What It Is and Why It’s Important. https://www.indeed.com/hire/c/info/pay-equity
• National Association of Colleges and Employers. Propelling Pay Equity Forward. https://www.naceweb.org/diversity-equity-and-inclusion/trends-and-predictions/propelling-pay-equity-forward-strategies-for-a-fairer-future
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Gender equality and work. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/gender-equality-and-work.html. (Includes OECD gender dashboard with comparisons of other OECD countries across policy domains, including a bar graph on the gender wage gap.)
• "The gender wage gap among health care workers across educational and occupational groups." Health Affairs Scholar, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10986226/
• "Female physicians earn an estimated $2 million less than male physicians over a simulated 40-year career." Health Affairs (Millwood), 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9910787/
• "Mind the Gap: An Analysis of Physical Therapist Earnings in the United States by Male/Female Sex." Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Journal, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35079835/. (This study reviews the gender differences in income across the distribution of earnings with the physical therapy profession.)
• United Nations. International Equal Pay Day, 18 September. https://www.un.org/en/observances/equal-pay-day
• S. Census Bureau. Among the educated, women earn 74 cents for every dollar men make. 2019. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/05/college-degree-widens-gender-earnings-gap.html
• HR professionals can adopt pay equity strategies right now to facilitate transparent compensation practices. https://www.ukg.com/blog/hr/4-actionable-strategies-achieving-pay-equity
• Women’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor. Employment and Earnings by Occupation: Physical Therapists. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/Employment-and-Earnings-by-Occupation (Select Physical Therapists from the pulldown menu — Provides the following statistics: Number of full-time workers (men/women/total), percent of workers who are women, median annual earnings (men/women/total), and women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s [PTs/all occupations]. Data is downloadable.)
• Women’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor. Employment and Earnings by Occupation: Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/Employment-and-Earnings-by-Occupation (Select Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides from the pulldown menu — Provides the following statistics: Number of full-time workers (men/women/total), percent of workers who are women, median annual earnings (men/women/total), and women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s [PTAs/all occupations]. Data is downloadable.)
• World At Work. Pay Equity Law by State — Are You in Compliance? https://worldatwork.org/tools/pay-equity-laws-by-state-are-you-in-compliance.
• Change the Story VT. Pay Equity Playbook: Tools for Small and Mid-Size Organizations. https://www.marquette.edu/womens-leadership/documents/the-pay-equity-playbook.pdf. (Includes definitions of pay equity terms, advice on achieving pay equity and defining pay equity, and an extensive resource list.)

Pay Equity Historical References

• National Committee on Pay Equity Archives. Contact the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives at Cornell University or contact the reference staff or call 607-255-3183.
• National Committee on Pay Equity. History of the Struggle for Fair Pay [1932-1999]. https://pay-equity.org/info-history.html
• American Association of American Women. The History of Equal Pay Laws. https://www.aauw.org/resources/policy/history-of-equal-pay-law/
• National Committee on Pay Equity. History of the Struggle for Fair Pay. https://pay-equity.org/info-history.html
• Pew Research Center. Gender pay gap in U.S. has narrowed slightly over two decades. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/03/04/gender-pay-gap-in-us-has-narrowed-slightly-over-2-decades/
• National Archives. Pieces of History On the Basis of Sex: Equal Pay. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2023/03/08/on-the-basis-of-sex-equal-pay/
• S. Census Bureau. Equal Pay Day. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/equal-pay-day.html

Pay Equity Research Articles (U.S. and Canada only)

• “Do Workers Comply with Salary History Bans? A Survey on Voluntary Disclosure, Adverse Selection, and Unraveling.” AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20201123
• Research: The Gender Wage Gap Tipping Point. https://hbr.org/2025/07/research-the-gender-wage-gap-tipping-point
• "Real wage growth in the U.S. health workforce and the narrowing of the gender pay gap." Human Resources for Health, 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403397/
• "Perpetuating Inequality: What Salary History Bans Reveal About Wages." Boston University School of Law, 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3628729
• "The gender wage gap among health care workers across educational and occupational groups." Health Affairs Scholar, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10986226/
• Research: The Gender Wage Gap Tipping Point. https://hbr.org/2025/07/research-the-gender-wage-gap-tipping-point
• "Pay Secrecy and the Gender Wage Gap in the United States." Industrial Relations, 2015;54(4):648–667.

Pay Equity Resources by Other Specialty Areas

Behavioral Analysis

• "Pay Equity Among Behavior-Analytic Practitioners Who Serve Children." Behavior and Social Issues, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9848708/
• "Pay Equity in Applied Behavior Analysis." Behavior Analysis in Practice, 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050489/

Emergency Medicine

• "Closing the gender pay gap in emergency medicine: Paradigms to consider for leaders, faculty, and trainees." AEM Education and Training, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294221/

Pharmacology

• "Is access to leadership roles contributing to the gender pay gap in the pharmaceutical sciences?" Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39265661/

Physicians

• "Achieving Gender Equity in Physician Compensation and Career Advancement: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians." Annals of Internal Medicine, 2018. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M17-3438

Oncology

• "Assessment of Differences in Academic Rank and Compensation by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Among Academic Radiation Oncologists in the United States." Advances in Radiation Oncology, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10160693/

Otolaryngology

• "Gender-Based Pay Discrimination in Otolaryngology." Laryngoscope, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33280133/

Radiology

• "Equal pay for equal work": Exploring the gender pay gap in radiology. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology, 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608921/

Surgery

• "Gender-Pay Equity in Academic Neurosurgery at United States Public Universities." Cureus, 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7366046/
• "The Pay Gap in Gynecologic Surgery and Its Effects on Training Quality." Journal of Gynecologic Surgery, 2022. https://liebertpub.com/doi/epub/10.1089/gyn.2022.0014.
• "Equal pay for equal work: Disparities in compensation in vascular surgery." Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2021. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0741-5214(21)00649-2
• "Double Discrimination, the Pay Gap in Gynecologic Surgery, and Its Association With Quality of Care." Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33706362/